INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE PARTS OF THE 1954 VERSION OF THE POLITICAL ECONOMY HANDBOOK BY Svitlana M, Erdogan A

CONTENT

Other than that, the content is presented a bit different than the original but contains all the sections accept the following

CHAPTER XXI. THE DEEPENINGOF THE GENERAL CRISIS OF CAPITALISM AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR .............................................................439
The Second World War and the Second Stage of the General Crisis of Capitalism................................................................................................439
The Formation of Two Camps in the International Arena and the Collapse of the Single World Market.......................................................................444
The Aggravation of the Crisis of the Colonial System of Imperialism. ..........446
Intensification of the Unevenness of the Development of Capitalism. The Expansion of U.S. Imperialism...................................................................450
Militarisation of the Economies of Capitalist Countries. .............................455
The Intensification of the Impoverishment of the Working Class in the Capitalist Countries. .................................................................................458
The Degradation of Agriculture in the Capitalist Countries and the Ruin of the Peasantry...........................................................................................461
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................465

The content of the Svitlana M, AND Erdogan translation of the “Basic Economic Law of Monopoly Capitalism-Transition to Imperialism” and the machine translated version of the 1954 version of the POLITICAL ECONOMY TEXTBOOK can be found below.

Other than that, the content is presented a bit different than the original but contains all the sections accept the following:

CHAPTER XXXIX. THE GRADUAL TRANSITION FROM SOCIALISM TO
COMMUNISM......................................................................................868
Two Phases of Communist Society. ...................................................868
Creation of the Material and Production Base of Communism. ..........873
Ways of Abolishing the Essential Distinction Between Town and Country. ..877
Ways of Abolishing the Essential Distinction Between Mental and Physical
Labour. ................................................................................................882
Transition to the Communist Principle: “From Each According to His Ability, to
Each According to His Needs.” ..................................................................886
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................890
THE BUILDING OF SOCIALISM IN THE PEOPLE’S
DEMOCRACIES .........................893
CHAPTER XL. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN PEOPLE’S
DEMOCRACIES...................................................................................894
Prerequisites for the People’s Democratic Revolution. ..........................894
The Nature of the People’s Democratic Revolution. ..............................896
Economic Structures and Classes.........................................................900
15
Socialist Industrialisation........................................................................906
The Socialist Transformation of Agriculture............................................910
Growth of Material Well-Being and Culture of Workers. ............................914
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................917
CHAPTER XLI. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLICOF
CHINA .919
The Economic Prerequisites of the Chinese People’s Revolution..................919
The Character of the Chinese Revolution. ..................................................922
Revolutionary Agrarian Transformations. Socialist Nationalisation. ...........925
Forms of Ownership of the Means of Production and the Class Structure of
Society in the People’s Republic of China. ..................................................927
The Ways of China’s Socialist Industrialisation...........................................935
Gradual Socialist Transformation of Agriculture. .......................................940
Raising the Material and Cultural Standard of Living of the Chinese People. ................................................................................................................945
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................947
CHAPTER XLII. ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF THE COUNTRIESOF THE
SOCIALIST CAMP...........................................................................................949
The Emergence and Strengthening of the Global Democratic Market.........949
The Nature of Economic Relations Between the Countries of the Socialist
Camp.......................................................................................................952
The Main Forms of Economic Cooperation of the Countries of the Socialist
Camp.......................................................................................................957
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................962

Also in the conclusion section the following two paragraphs are missing:

“In peaceful competition with capitalism, the socialist system of economy is every year more and more clearly proving its superiority over the capitalist system of economy. At the same time, the capitalist economic system, torn apart by internal contradictions, is becoming weaker and more unstable every year.

The majestic prospect of the progressive development of mankind is a classless communist society. Political economy reveals the economic conditions of the transition to communism by generalizing the practice of communist construction in the USSR. It shows that the movement of modern society towards communism is based on the objective laws of social development. Communism arises as a result of the conscious creativity of the vast masses of the working people, led by the Communist Party, armed with the theory of Marxism-Leninism. The Soviet Union has everything necessary to build a communist society. There are no forces in the world that could stop the forward movement of Soviet society on the road to communism. The enormous growth of the forces of democracy and socialism, the progressive decline of the capitalist system of world economy, the sharp sharpening of the class contradictions between the imperialist bourgeoisie on the one hand and the working class and the working people on the other, the growing sweep of the national liberation movement in the colonies, the powerful movement of the masses of the people and all the progressive forces of modern mankind for peace, against imperialist reaction and the preparation of a new war—all this is indisputable Proof that in our age all roads lead to communism”

We do not know if there are other missing pieces here or there.

Contents
Introduction
Transition to imperialism- P17
Concentration of production and monopoly- P21 
Concentration and monopolies in banking– P27
Financial capital and financial oligarchy- P29
The export of capital- P32
The economic division of the world -P35
Completion of the territorial division of the world between the great powers and the struggle for its redistribution- P37
Basic economic law of monopoly capitalism- P40
The historical place of imperialism- P49
Imperialism is parasitic or decaying capitalism- P51
Imperialism is the eve of the socialist revolution- P57
State monopoly capitalism- P58
The law of uneven economic and political development- P61
The essence of the general crisis of capitalism- P69
World War I and the beginning of the general crisis of capitalism- P71
The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the split of the world into two systems- P74
The crisis of the colonial system of imperialism- P78
Aggravation of the problem of markets- P82
Deepening crises of overproduction and changes in the capitalist cycle – P86
Economic doctrines of the era of capitalism
Bourgeois classical political economy- P95
The emergence of vulgar political economy- P100
Petty-bourgeois political economy -P102
Utopian socialists- P103
Revolutionary democrats in Russia- P105
Revolutionary upheaval in political economy- P107
Modern bourgeois political economy -P114
Economic theories of the opportunists of the Second International and contemporary right-wing socialist -P123

SOCIALIST
MODE OF
PRODUCTION

From The Political Economy Text Book
Ostrovityanov K.V. Shepilov D.T. Leontiev L.A. Laptev I.D.
Kuzminov I.I. Gatovsky L.M

Translated From The Political Economy Text Book
State publishing house of political literature. Moscow. 1954

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Socialist Mode of Production
July 15, 2022  0
Translated From The Political Economy Text Book
State publishing house of political literature. Moscow. 1954
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Contents
Forward
Introduction – P6
Socialist Industrialization -P17
Large-scale industry is the material basis of socialism.

Essence of socialist industrialization. The pace of socialist industrialization, Socialist method of industrialization.
Sources of funds for socialist industrialization.

The transformation of a backward, agrarian country into an advanced, industrial power.
Collectivization of Agriculture -P34
The historical necessity of the collectivization of agriculture. Lenin's cooperative plan. Prerequisites for complete collectivization.
Solid collectivization and liquidation of the kulaks as a class. Agricultural artel as the main form of collective farming.
The transformation of country of small peasant economy into a country of the largest and most mechanized agriculture.
The Socialist System of the National Economy- The Material and Production Basis of Socialism -P54
The main features of the material and production base of socialism, socialist industry, socialist agriculture.
Ways of technical progress, Location of socialist production
Public Ownership of the Means of Production - the Basis of the Production Relations of Socialism -P72
The socialist system of the national economy and socialist property.
Two forms of socialist property.
Personal property under socialism.
The nature of socialist production relations.
The Fundamental Economic Law of Socialism -P88
The nature of economic laws under socialism.
Essential features of the basic economic law of socialism.
The basic economic law of socialism and the growth of the welfare of the working people.
The economic role of the socialist state.
Law of Planned (Proportional) Development of the National Economy -P105
The need for planned development of the national economy under socialism. The main features and requirements of the law of the planned development of the national economy.
The law of the planned development of the national economy and socialist planning. Advantages of a planned economy.
Public Labor Under Socialism -P124
The nature of labor under socialism.
The principle of material interest. Labor as a duty of members of a socialist society. Realization of the right to work. Distribution according to work is the economic law of socialism.
Socialist labor cooperation. Socialist competition.
The steady growth of labor productivity is the economic law of socialism.
Commodity production, the law of value & money under socialism -P142
The necessity of commodity production under socialism and its features.
 Use value and value of goods in the socialist economy.
The nature of the operation of the law of value under socialism.
Money and its functions in the socialist economy.
Wages Under Socialism -P158
Wages and the economic law of distribution according to work. Payroll forms. Tariff system. Steady growth of real wages under socialism.
Economic calculation and profitability. Cost and price -P174
Economy mode.
Economic calculation and profitability of enterprises. Enterprise funds. Fixed and working capital. Product cost. Net income of a state-owned enterprise.
The price of industrial products.
The Socialist System of Agriculture-P193
The place and role of socialist agriculture in the national economy.
 Public economy of collective farms.
Collective farm income.
Development of state farms and ways to increase their profitability.
Trade turnover under socialism -P230
The nature and role of trade under socialism.
The main forms of trade under socialism.
Prices and distribution costs
National Income of a Socialist Society -P247
Aggregate social product and national income under socialism.
Distribution of national income.
State budget, credit, and money circulation under socialism -P258
The financial system of socialism.
The budget of the socialist state.
Credit under socialism. Banks in a socialist society.
Socialist Reproduction -P277
Essence of socialist reproduction.
National wealth of a socialist society. Composition of the total social product.
Correlation between two divisions of social production.
Formation and appointment of public funds under socialism.
Socialist accumulation. Accumulation and consumption in a socialist society.
Conclusion-P297

-V-

This is the content of the machine translated version of the
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR
INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

POLITICAL ECONOMY
TEXTBOOK

STATE PUBLISHING HOUSE OF POLITICAL
LITERATURE
MOSCOW 1954

CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................................................................16
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................17
POLITICAL ECONOMY IS ONE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. IT STUDIES
THE LAWS OF SOCIAL PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIAL
GOODS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN
SOCIETY...................................................................................................17
CHAPTER I. THE PRIMITIVE-COMMUNAL MODE OF
PRODUCTION.....................28
The Emergence of Human Society. ............................................................28
Conditions of Material Life. Development of Tools.......................................30
Production Relations of Primitive Society. Natural Division of Labour. ........33
Tribal System. Matriarchal Gens. Patriarchal Gens. .....................................35
The Emergence of the Social Division of Labour and Exchange. .................38
The Emergence of Private Property and Classes. Disintegration of the
Primitive-Communal System. ......................................................................39
Social Conceptions of the Primitive Epoch ...................................................42
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................44
CHAPTER II. THE SLAVE-HOLDING MODE OF
PRODUCTION................................45
Emergence of the Slave-Holding System......................................................45
Production Relations of the Slave-Holding System. The Status of Slaves. ......50
Further Development of the Exchange. Trade and Usurious Capital..............55
Aggravation of the contradictions of the slave-holding mode of production. 57
The Class Struggle of the Exploited Against the Exploiters. Slave Revolts.
The Death of the Slave-Holding System. ...............................................59
Economic Views of the Slave Era ..........................................................61
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................65
CHAPTER III: THE FEUDAL MODE OF
PRODUCTION............................................67
The Emergence of Feudalism. .............................................................67
Production Relations of Feudal Society. Exploitation of Peasants by Feudal
Lords.....................................................................................................72
Medieval City. Artisans’ Guilds. Merchant Guilds..................................77
Classes and Estates of Feudal Society. Feudal Hierarchy. ...................81
Development of Productive Forces of Feudal Society............................83
5
The Origin of Capitalist Production in the Depths of the Feudal System. The
Role of Merchant Capital........................................................................85
Initial Accumulation of Capital. Forcible Dispossession of Peasants.
Accumulation of Wealth. ........................................................................90
Uprisings of Serfs. Bourgeois Revolutions. The Death of the Feudal System. .95
Economic Views of the Feudalistic Era....................................................97
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................105
SECTION TWO. THE CAPITALIST MODE OF
PRODUCTION. ...........................108
A. PRE-MONOPOLY
CAPITALISM.......................................................................108
CHAPTER IV. COMMODITY PRODUCTION. GOODS AND
MONEY .....................109
Commodity Production is the Starting Point of the Emergence and the
General Feature of Capitalism...................................................................109
The Product and its Properties. The Dual Character of Labour Embodied in
the Commodity.........................................................................................110
Simple and Complex Work. Socially Necessary Working Time.....................114
Development of Forms of Value. The Essence of Money.............................116
Functions of Money..................................................................................119
Gold and Paper Money.............................................................................125
The Law of Value is the Economic Law of Commodity Production...............127
Commodity Fetishism. ..............................................................................129
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................130
CHAPTER V: CAPITALIST SIMPLE CO-OPERATION AND
MANUFACTURE............133
Capitalist Simple Co-operation..................................................................133
The Manufacturing Period of Capitalism. ..................................................135
Capitalist Work at Home...........................................................................139
The Historical Role of the Manufactory. ....................................................140
Disintegration of the Peasantry. Transition from Corvée to Capitalist
Farming. ..................................................................................................141
Formation of an Internal Market for Capitalist Industry. ............................145
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................146
CHAPTER VI. THE MACHINE AGE OF
CAPITALISM ............................................148
Transition from Manufacture to Machine Industry. ...................................148
The Industrial Revolution. .........................................................................149
Capitalist Industrialisation. .......................................................................153
Growth of Cities and Industrial Centres. The Formation of a Proletarian
Class. .......................................................................................................156
6
Capitalist Factory. Machine as a Means of Exploitation of Wage Labour by
Capital.....................................................................................................158
Large-Scale Industry and Agriculture.........................................................162
Capitalist Socialisation of Labour and Production. The Limits of the Use of
Machines under Capitalism.......................................................................164
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................166
CHAPTER VII. CAPITAL AND SURPLUS-VALUE. THE BASIC ECONOMIC
LAW OF CAPITALISM..............................................................................169
The Basis of the Relations of Production of the Capitalist System. .........169
The Transformation of Money into Capital. Labour Power as a Commodity.
....................................................................................................171
The Value and Use-Value of Labour-Power. The Law of Surplus-Value is the
Basic Law of Capitalism. ...........................................................................173
Capital as a Social Relation of Production. Constant and Variable Capital. .178
The Rate of Surplus Value. ........................................................................180
Two Ways to Increase Exploitation. Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value...182
The Working Day and its Boundaries. The Struggle for a Shorter Working
Day..........................................................................................................184
Excess Surplus-Value. ...............................................................................187
The Class Structure of Capitalist Society. The Bourgeois State. ...................189
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................192
CHAPTER VIII.
WAGES....................................................................................194
The Price of Labour. The Essence of Wages. ..............................................194
Basic Forms of Wages...............................................................................196
Sweatshop Wage Systems. .......................................................................201
Nominal and Real Wages..........................................................................204
Falling Real Wages Under Capitalism........................................................207
The Struggle of the Working Class for Higher Wages. ................................212
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................214
CHAPTER IX. THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL ANDTHE
IMPOVERISHMENT OF THE PROLETARIAT................................................216
Production and Reproduction. ..................................................................216
Capitalist Simple Reproduction. ................................................................217
Capitalist Expanded Reproduction. Capital Accumulation. .........................220
Organic Composition of Capital. Concentration and Centralisation of
Capital..........................................................................................221
Industrial Reserve Army............................................................................224
7
Agrarian Overpopulation..........................................................................227
The Universal Law of Capitalist Accumulation. The Relative and Absolute
Impoverishment of the Proletariat. ...........................................................229
The Fundamental Contradiction of the Capitalist Mode of Production. .......232
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................233
CHAPTER X. CIRCULATION ANDTURNOVER OF
CAPITAL..................................235
Circulation of Capital. Three Forms of Industrial Capital.............................235
Capital Turnover. Production Time and Circulation Time............................239
Fixed and Working Capital........................................................................240
The Annual Rate of Surplus Value. Ways to Accelerate the Turnover of
Capital.....................................................................................................243
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................246
CHAPTER XI. AVERAGE PROFIT ANDPRICE OF
PRODUCTION............................247
Capitalist Costs of Production and Profit. Profit Margin. ............................247
The Formation of the Average Rate of Profit and the Transformation of
the Value of Commodities into the Price of Production. .............................250
The Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall..................................................257
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................260
CHAPTER XII. COMMERCE, CREDIT, ANDTHE CIRCULATION OF
MONEY...........262
Trading Profit and its Source.....................................................................262
Circulation Costs.......................................................................................265
Forms of Capitalist Trade. Commodity Exchanges......................................267
Foreign Trade...........................................................................................268
Loan Capital.............................................................................................270
Interest and Entrepreneurial Income. The Rate of Interest and its
Tendency to Fall. ......................................................................................272
Forms of Credit. Banks and Their Operations.............................................273
Joint-Stock Companies. Fictitious Capital...................................................278
The Money Circulation of the Capitalist Countries......................................281
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................284
CHAPTER XIII. GROUNDRENT. AGRARIAN RELATIONS UNDER
CAPITALISM......286
The Capitalist System of Agriculture and Private Ownership of Land. .........286
Differential Rent.......................................................................................289
Absolute Rent. The Price of Land...............................................................294
Rent in the Mining Industry. Rent for Building Plots. ..................................298
Large-Scale and Small-Scale Production in Agriculture...............................300
Deepening the Opposition Between Town and Country..............................304
8
Private Ownership of Land and Nationalisation of Land.............................305
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................308
CHAPTER XIV.NATIONAL
INCOME .................................................................310
Total Social Product and National Income. ................................................310
Distribution of National Income. ...............................................................312
State Budget. ...........................................................................................318
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................321
CHAPTER XV. THE REPRODUCTION OF SOCIAL
CAPITAL...................................323
Social Capital. Composition of the Total Social Product..............................323
Conditions of Realisation under Capitalist Simple Reproduction. ................326
Conditions of Realisation Under Capitalist Expanded Reproduction. ...........328
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................333
CHAPTER XVI. ECONOMIC
CRISES...................................................................335
The Basis of the Capitalist Crises of Overproduction...................................335
The Cyclical Character of Capitalist Reproduction. .....................................339
Agrarian Crises.........................................................................................342
Crises and Sharpening of the Contradictions of Capitalism.........................344
The Historical Tendency of the Development of Capitalism. The Proletariat
as the Gravedigger of Capitalism. .............................................................348
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................350
B. MONOPOLY CAPITALISM –
IMPERIALISM......................................................352
CHAPTER XVII. IMPERIALISM–THE HIGHEST STAGE OF CAPITALISM.
THE BASIC ECONOMIC LAW OF MONOPOLY
CAPITALISM.......................................353

Transition to imperialism..........................................................................353
Concentration of Production and Monopoly. Monopolies and Competition.357
Financial Capital and Financial Oligarchy. .................................................364
Export of Capital. .....................................................................................366
The Economic Division of the World Between the Capitalist unions.
International Monopolies. ........................................................................369
Completion of the Territorial Division of the World Between the Great
Powers and the Struggle for its Redivision.................................................370
The Basic Economic Law of Monopoly Capitalism. .....................................373
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................379
CHAPTER XVIII. THE COLONIAL SYSTEM OF
IMPERIALISM................................381
The Role of the Colonies in the Period of Imperialism.................................381
Colonies as Agrarian and Raw Material Appendages of the Metropolises...383
9
Methods of Colonial Exploitation of the Working Masses...........................388
The National Liberation Struggle of the Colonial Peoples. ..........................393
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................396
CHAPTER XIX. THE HISTORICAL PLACE OF
IMPERIALISM ..................................398
Imperialism is the Last Stage of Capitalism................................................398
Imperialism is Parasitic or Decaying Capitalism. ........................................400
Imperialism is the Eve of the Socialist Revolution.......................................405
State-Monopoly Capitalism.......................................................................406
The Law of the Unevenness of the Economic and Political Development of
the Capitalist Countries in the Period of Imperialism and the Possibility of
the Victory of Socialism in One Country.....................................................409
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................414
CHAPTER XX. THE GENERAL CRISISOF
CAPITALISM.........................................416
The Essence of the General Crisis of Capitalism..........................................416
The First World War and the Beginning of the General Crisis of Capitalism. 418
The Victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the Split of the
World into Two Systems: Capitalist and Socialist. ......................................421
The Crisis of the Colonial System of Imperialism. .......................................425
Aggravation of the Problem of Markets, Chronic Underutilisation of
Enterprises and Chronic Mass Unemployment...........................................428
Deepening Crises of Overproduction and Changes in the Capitalist Cycle....431
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................437
CHAPTER XXI. THE DEEPENING OF THE GENERAL CRISIS OF
CAPITALISM AFTER
THE SECOND WORLD WAR ............................................................439
The Second World War and the Second Stage of the General Crisis of
Capitalism.......................................................................................439
The Formation of Two Camps in the International Arena and the Collapse
of the Single World Market.......................................................................444
The Aggravation of the Crisis of the Colonial System of Imperialism. ..........446
Intensification of the Unevenness of the Development of Capitalism. The
Expansion of U.S. Imperialism...................................................................450
Militarisation of the Economies of Capitalist Countries. .............................455
The Intensification of the Impoverishment of the Working Class in the
Capitalist Countries. .................................................................................458
The Degradation of Agriculture in the Capitalist Countries and the Ruin of
the Peasantry...........................................................................................461
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................465
10
ECONOMIC DOCTRINESOF THE EPOCH OF
CAPITALISM .................................467
Bourgeois Classical Political Economy. ......................................................467
The Emergence of Vulgar Political Economy. .............................................472
Petty-Bourgeois Political Economy. ...........................................................474
Utopian Socialists.....................................................................................475
Revolutionary Democrats in Russia. ..........................................................476
The Revolutionary Upheaval in Political Economy Accomplished by K. Marx
and F. Engels............................................................................................478
Further Disintegration of Bourgeois Economics Modern Bourgeois Political
Economy..................................................................................................484
The Economic Theories of the Opportunists of the Second International
and of the Modern Right Socialists............................................................492
The Development of the Marxist Political Economy of Capitalism by V. I.
Lenin. The Elabouration of a Number of New Principles of the Political
Economy of Capitalism by J. V. Stalin. .......................................................498
SECTION THREE. THE SOCIALIST MODE OF
PRODUCTION..................................509
THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM CAPITALISM TO
SOCIALISM ............................509
CHAPTER XXII. THE MAIN FEATURESOF THE TRANSITIONPERIOD FROM
CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM ........................................................510
The Proletarian Revolution and the Necessity of the Transition Period from
Capitalism to Socialism.............................................................................510
The Dictatorship of the Proletariat as an Instrument for Building a Socialist
Economy..................................................................................................513
Socialist Nationalisation. ..........................................................................516
Economic Structures and Classes in the Transition Period. An Alliance
Between the Working Class and the Peasantry..........................................520
The Emergence of the Economic Laws of Socialism. ...................................525
Fundamentals of Economic Policy in the Period of Transition from
Capitalism to Socialism.............................................................................528
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................539
CHAPTER XXIII. SOCIALIST
INDUSTRIALISATION ..............................................541
Large-Scale Industry is the Material Basis of Socialism. The Essence of
Socialist Industrialisation..........................................................................541
The Pace of Socialist Industrialisation........................................................546
The Socialist Method of Industrialisation. Sources of Funds for Socialist
Industrialisation. ......................................................................................547
11
The Transformation of the U.S.S.R. from a Backward, Agrarian Country
into an Advanced, Industrial Power...........................................................552
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................558
CHAPTER XXIV. COLLECTIVISATION OF
AGRICULTURE.....................................560
The Historical Necessity of Collectivisation of Agriculture. Lenin’s
Cooperative Plan......................................................................................560
Prerequisites for Complete Collectivisation................................................565
Complete Collectivisation and Liquidation of the Kulaks as a Class. ............571
Agricultural Artel as the Main Form of Collective Farming. ........................574
Transformation of the U.S.S.R. from a Country of Small-Peasant Farming
into a Country of the Largest and Most Mechanized Agriculture in the
World. .............................................................................576
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................580
CHAPTER XXV. THE VICTORY OF SOCIALISM IN THE
U.S.S.R.............................582
Establishment of the Socialist Mode of Production. ...................................582
Changes in the Class Structure of Society...................................................586
Elimination of Economic Inequality of Nations...........................................593
The USSR Enters the Period of Gradual Transition from Socialism to
Communism............................................................................596
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................600
B. THE SOCIALIST SYSTEM OF THE NATIONAOL
ECONOMY...............................602
CHAPTER XXVI. THE MATERIAL ANDPRODUCTIVE BASIS OF
SOCIALISM...........603
The Main Features of the Material and Production Base of Socialism.........603
Socialist Industry. .....................................................................................605
Socialist Agriculture..................................................................................609
Paths of Technological Progress Under Socialism.......................................612
Place of Socialist Production. ....................................................................618
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................621
CHAPTER XXVII. SOCIALOWNERSHIP OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION
AS THE BASIS OF THE RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION OF
SOCIALISM..............................623
The Socialist System of the National Economy and Socialist Property. ........623
Two Forms of Socialist Ownership.............................................................626
Personal Property Under Socialism............................................................634
12
The Nature of Socialist Relations of Production. ........................................635
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................639
CHAPTER XXVIII. THE BASIC ECONOMIC LAW OF
SOCIALISM............................641
The Nature of Economic Laws Under Socialism..........................................641
Essential Features of the Basic Economic Law of Socialism.........................645
The Basic Economic Law of Socialism and the Growth of the Welfare of the
Working People.........................................................................649
The Economic Role of the Socialist State....................................................653
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................657
CHAPTER XXIX. THE LAW OF PLANNED(PROPORTIONAL) DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY............................................................660
The Necessity of the Planned Development of the National Economy
Under Socialism........................................................................................660
The Main Features and Requirements of the Law of Planned Development
of the National Economy. .........................................................................662
The Law of Planned Development of the National Economy and Socialist
Planning...................................................................................................667
Advantages of Planned Economy. .............................................................676
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................678
CHAPTER XXX. SOCIAL LABOUR UNDER
SOCIALISM.........................................680
The Nature of Labour Under Socialism. The Principle of Material Interest...680
Work as the Duty of Members of Socialist Society. Realisation of the Right
to Work....................................................................................................682
Distribution According to Labour is the Economic Law of Socialism. ...........685
Socialist Co-operatives of Labour. .............................................................687
Socialist Competition................................................................................690
The Steady Growth of Labour Productivity is the Economic Law of Socialism.
..........................................................................................693
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................698
CHAPTER XXXI. COMMODITY PRODUCTION, THE LAW OF VALUE, AND
MONEY UNDER SOCIALISM.................................................................700
The Necessity of Commodity Production Under Socialism and Its
Peculiarities. ............................................................................................700
Use-Value and Commodity Value in the Socialist Economy.........................703
The Nature of the Operation of the Law of Value under Socialism. .............707
Money and Its Functions in the Socialist Economy. ....................................712
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................715
13
CHAPTER XXXII: WAGES UNDER
SOCIALISM....................................................717
Wages and the Economic Law of Labour Distribution. ...............................717
Forms of Wages. Tariff System..................................................................721
A Steady Rise in Real Wages Under Socialism............................................727
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................732
CHAPTER XXXIII. ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING ANDPROFITABILITY. COST
AND PRICE.........................................................................................735
Economy Mode. .......................................................................................735
Economic Accounting and Profitability of Enterprises. ...............................736
Enterprise Funds. Fixed and Revolving Assets. ...........................................743
Cost of Production....................................................................................746
Net Income of a State-Owned Enterprise. Centralised Net Income of the
State........................................................................................................749
The Price of Industrial Products.................................................................753
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................754
CHAPTER XXXIV. THE SOCIALIST SYSTEM OF
AGRICULTURE .............................756
The Place and Role of Socialist Agriculture in the National Economy. .........756
Machine and Tractor Stations are the Industrial Base of Kolkhoz Production.
................................................................................................................763
Public Economy of Collective Farms. Kolkhoz Means of Production.
Workday..................................................................................................769
Products of Collective Farm Production. Kolkhoz Income............................774
Differential Rent Under Socialism..............................................................780
Distribution of kolkhoz Production and Kolkhoz income. Growth of the
Well-being of the Kolkhoz Peasantry.........................................................783
Development of State Farms and Ways to Increase Their Profitability. .......789
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................794
CHAPTER XXXV. COMMODITY TURNOVER UNDER
SOCIALISM.........................796
The Nature and Role of Trade under Socialism...........................................796
The Main Forms of Trade Under Socialism.................................................803
Prices and Costs of Circulation in State and Co-operative Trade. ................806
Foreign Trade...........................................................................................810
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................813
CHAPTER XXXVI. THE NATIONAL INCOME OF A SOCIALIST
SOCIETY..................814
Total Social Product and National Income Under Socialism........................814
A Steady Increase In National Income Under Socialism. .............................817
Distribution of National Income. ...............................................................820
14
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................824
CHAPTER XXXVII. THE SSTATE BUDGET, CREDIT, ANDTHE CIRCULATION
OF MONEY UNDER SOCIALISM .......................................................826
The Financial System of Socialism. ............................................................826
The Budget of a Socialist State..................................................................827
Credit Under Socialism..............................................................................834
Banks in a Socialist Society. ......................................................................838
Money Circulation Under Socialism...........................................................841
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................845
CHAPTER XXXVIII. SOCIALIST
REPRODUCTION ................................................846
The Essence of Socialist Reproduction. ......................................................846
The National Wealth of Socialist Society. Composition of the Total Social
Product...............................................................................................849
The Relation Between the Two Subdivisions of Social Production. ...........853
Formation and Purpose of Public Funds under Socialism....................858
SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL PRODUCT IN A SOCIALIST
SOCIETY ........................................................................................860
Socialist Accumulation. Accumulation and Consumption in Socialist
Society...............................................................................861
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................865
CHAPTER XXXIX. THE GRADUAL TRANSITION FROM SOCIALISM TO
COMMUNISM...............................................................................................868
Two Phases of Communist Society. ...........................................................868
Creation of the Material and Production Base of Communism. ..................873
Ways of Abolishing the Essential Distinction Between Town and Country. ..877
Ways of Abolishing the Essential Distinction Between Mental and Physical
Labour. ....................................................................................................882
Transition to the Communist Principle: “From Each According to His Ability, to
Each According to His Needs.” ..................................................................886
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................890
THE BUILDING OF SOCIALISM IN THE PEOPLE’S
DEMOCRACIES .........................893
CHAPTER XL. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN PEOPLE’S
DEMOCRACIES..............................................................................................894
Prerequisites for the People’s Democratic Revolution. ...............................894
The Nature of the People’s Democratic Revolution. ...................................896
Economic Structures and Classes...............................................................900
15
Socialist Industrialisation..........................................................................906
The Socialist Transformation of Agriculture...............................................910
Growth of Material Well-Being and Culture of Workers. ............................914
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................917
CHAPTER XLI. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLICOF
CHINA .919
The Economic Prerequisites of the Chinese People’s Revolution..................919
The Character of the Chinese Revolution. ..................................................922
Revolutionary Agrarian Transformations. Socialist Nationalisation. ...........925
Forms of Ownership of the Means of Production and the Class Structure of
Society in the People’s Republic of China. ..................................................927
The Ways of China’s Socialist Industrialisation...........................................935
Gradual Socialist Transformation of Agriculture. .......................................940
Raising the Material and Cultural Standard of Living of the Chinese People.
............................................................................................945
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ............................................................947
CHAPTER XLII. ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF THE COUNTRIESOF THE
SOCIALIST CAMP.................................................................949
The Emergence and Strengthening of the Global Democratic Market.........949
The Nature of Economic Relations Between the Countries of the Socialist
Camp..............................................................................................952
The Main Forms of Economic Cooperation of the Countries of the Socialist
Camp...........................................................................................957
BRIEF CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................962
CONCLUSION....................................................................................964